granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and reproductive medicine: a review

background: recently, the use of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (g-csf) has been proposed to improve pregnancy outcomes in reproductive medicine. objective: a systematic review of the current use of g-csf in patients who have difficulty conceiving and maintaining pregnancy was performed. materials and methods: two electronic databases (pubmed/ medline and scopus) were searched. study selection, data extraction and quality assessment were performed in duplicate. the subject codes used were granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, g-csf, recurrent miscarriage, ivf failure, and endometrium. results: the search of electronic databases resulted in 215 citations (pubmed/ medline: 139 and scopus: 76), of which 38 were present in both databases. of the remaining 177 publications, seven studies were included in the present review. conclusion: treatment with g-csf is a novel proposal for immune therapy in patients with recurrent miscarriage and implantation failure following cycles of ivf. however, a larger number of well-designed studies are required for this treatment to be established.